Polymerization process



3,065,217 PULYMERlZATlON PROCESS Gaetano F. DAielio, South Bend, lnd., assignor, by direct and mesne assignments, to Dal Mon Research Co., Cleveland, Ghio, a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed Mar. 4, 1958, Ser. No. 718,950 23 Claims. (Ci. 260-9337) This invention is concerned with the polymerization of olefins such as ethylene, propylene, butene-l, styrene, butadiene, isoprene and the like olefins in an inert solvent in the presence of a catalyst prepared by reacting a mixture consisting essentially of an aluminum halide, for example, aluminum chloride and at least one metal selected from the group consisting of thorium and uranium.

Friedel-Crafts type catalysts are not effective in converting ethylene to high molecular weight solid polymers but they do produce liquid or low molecular weight polymers. More recently it has been reported that a mixture of solid polymers and liquid polymers may be obtained by polymerizing ethylene in the presence of a mixture of aluminum chloride and titanium tetrachloride at high pressures and elevated temperatures, preferably in the presence of metals which bind the hydrogen chloride released from the titanium tetrachloride. The Fricdel-Crafts catalysts are even less effective in converting olefins such as propylene, butene-l, pentene-l, hexene-l, etc., vinyl cyclohexane, vinyl cyclohexene, butadiene, 2-methyl-butadiene-1,3, etc., or in general monomers having a CH =CH- or CH =C structure, to high molecular solid or rubbery polymers. The catalysts of this invention are eilective polymerization catalysts for such olefins and related olefins.

I have now discovered that AlCl may be used to produce high molecular weight solid polymers of ethylene and of other olefins if the aluminum chloride is first reacted with a metal selected from the group of thorium and uranium. The reaction between the aluminum chloride and the metal may be efiected in any suitable manner. Preferably the metal should be in a finely divided form and mixed with the aluminum chloride. This mixture may be ground or milled together for a suitable time to produce an active polymerization catalyst for olefins. Also they may be heated together at temperature above room temperature and preferably at temperatures be. tween 200-400 C. to produce a catalyst suitable for the polymerization of olefins. The catalyst prepared by heating the metal and the aluminum chloride may be ground or ball-milled after heating to increase the activity of the catalyst. The nature of the catalysts of this invention is unknown but they appear to be compounds that contain reactive and unstable metal to metal bonds; for example, the reaction product of one mole of thorium with one mole of aluminum chloride behaves as if it were Cl Al.ThCl and is pyrophoric and extremely reactive with water, alcohols, ketones and the like.

I do not wish to be bound by this theory because of the complex nature of the reaction, but it may be readily observed that a reaction does occur between the free metal and the aluminum chloride since part or all of the metal loses its identity during the reaction. Instead of aluminum chloride, an aluminum halide such as the fluoride, bromide, or iodide may be used. For economic reasons, the chloride is preierred.

The catalysts of this invention are extremely. reactive and sensitive to contaminants such as moisture, oxygen and the like, and therefore should be processed under inert conditions such as in the p resence of nitrogen, or the noble gases such as helium, neon, argon, etc. They are also strong reducing agents and are easily oxidized.

The grinding and milling operations may be performed as a dry operation in the absence of an inert hydrocarbon.

ates Patent O i 3,065,217 Patented Nov. 20, 1962 ice Sometimes it is more convenient to wet grind the mixture of the metal and the aluminum halide by adding an inert hydrocarbon to the mixture to be ground or ball-milled. The hydrocarbon, if used, is preferably one that will not interfere with the subsequent polymerization reaction and is preferably the same hydrocarbon used in the polymerization reaction. Also the milling or grinding can be carried out partly by dry grinding in an inert atmosphere and then an inert hydrocarbon added to the mill toward the end of the milling in order to slurry the product for ease of handling.

The ratio of the metal to the aluminum halide that may be used in the preparation of the catalysts of this invention is not critical, e.g., between 1 part metal to parts AlCl to 100 parts metal to 1 part AlCl Particularlysatisfactory results are obtained in the ranges of from 1 part of metal to 3 parts of aluminum chloride to 3 parts of metal to 1 part aluminum chloride. It has also been found that the nature of the catalyst resulting from the ratio of metal to the aluminum halide determines the nature of the polymer obtained. If large amounts of aluminum chloride are used, or if the reaction between the metal and the aluminum chloride leaves large amounts of aluminum chloride in the catalyst mixture lower molecular weight polymers are obtained than if lesser amounts are present. In such cases, and if desired, the excess aluminum chloride may be removed from the catalyst mixture by subliming the chloride by heating the mixture or by passing an inert gas such as helium or a noble gas through the heated catalyst, or by selective extraction with an aromatic hydrocarbon such as benzene, toluene or xylene, etc.

As a polymerization medium substantially an inert material may be used which is liquid under the conditions of temperature and pressure employed and which has'a solvent action in the olefin polymerized. Hydrocarbon solvents are preferred and are preferably free substantially of materials that react with the catalyst such as 0 H O, alcohols, ketones and the like. Suitable solvents include pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, octane, benzene, toluene, xylene and the like. The aromatic hydrocarbons are preferred. In some cases, the monomer or mixture of monomers, if liquid, may be used as a polymerization medium; for example, such as styrene, isoprene, 2,3-dimethyl-buta' diene-l,3, vinyl cyclohexane, etc.

The amount of catalyst is not critical. Relatively small amounts are operable to form'relatively large amounts of polymer. In general, a practical range is 0.001 to 0.1 mole catalyst per mole of olefin polymerized. Even larger amounts of catalysts are operable but are uneconomical and make the polymer more difficult to purify. When low molecular weight polymers are obtained by the process of this invention, they are useful as chemical intermediates in alkylation, epoxidation, chlorination, sulfo! nation, etc., and as plasticizers for the solid polymers produced by the procedures described herein.

The catalysts as prepared in the practice of this invention are useful in polymerizing olefins at temperatures ranging from about room temperature up to 200 C. or even higher and at pressures ranging from atmospheric or a few atmospheres to pressures as high as 10,000 p.s.i. or higher. For practical operations temperatures in the range of 70-200" C. and pressures of 100-2000 p.s.i. are suitable. The following examples illustrate without limit ing the invention.

Example 1 Ten grams of finely ground thorium and 1 gram of AlCl are ground in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen for 200-300 hours in a conventional stainless steel ball-mill of about 4 ounce capacity about /2 full of /2 inch stainless steel balls. *Five grams of the resulting catalyst are absorbed. The reactor is cooled, vented and opened and fluxed for 2 hours. The purified solid white polyethylene is separated by filtration and dried and weighs about 83 grams.

If instead of thorium, uranium or a mixture of thorium and uranium is used in the above reaction with AlCl a catalyst, similar in polymerization performance to the catalyst produced from thorium and A101 is obtained.

Example 11 An electrically heated vertical furnace made of a quartz tube inches long and inch I.D. Wrapped with electrically heating resistance wire is filled with a mixture of for 12-24 hours. Any aluminum chloride that sublimes from the reaction mixture may be returned to the reaction or may be replaced by new aluminum chloride by As an alternate procedure, the catalyst of this example may be freed of excess aluminum chloride ':by passing an inert gas through the hours. This ground catalyst is used to polymerize ethylene C. and at pressures Example III The catalyst 'of Example II is washed with toluene to remove nearly all residual AlCl and placed in a 200 ml. capacity stainless steel rocking autoclave containing 50 ml. heptane. 'The autoclave is connected to a source of propylene, sealed and heated to a reaction temperature of 75 C The propylene pressure is initially 160-175 psi.

The purified solid polypropylene is "then removed by filtration and dried; yield 45 grams. Substitution of the propylene by butene-l, hexene-l, octene-I, vinylcyclohexane and vinylcyclohexene produce the corresponding polymers, whereas mixtures of these monomers produce copolymers.

Example IV Catalysts similar to those of Example I and Example II may also be prepared by reacting the metal and the aluminum chloride in the stainless steel ball mill of EX- ample I heated electrically to 400 C. thereby combining heating and grinding operations in one step to produce active catalysts suitable for polymerizing a wide range of olefins.

Example V Catalysts suitable for olefin preparation are also readily prepared by reacting the metal with the aluminum halide, as for example, aluminum chloride, aluminum iodide, etc., in an inert liquid medium. Two grams of finely ground uranium and 5 grams of aluminum chloride in 50 mole of benezene, or toluene or chlorobenzene are refluxed in an inert atmosphere for 300 hours. tion mixture is transferred to an autoclave as in Example Example VI Under inert conditions, there is added to 5 grams of the catalyst of Example II dispersed in 20 ml. of hexane, 2

fluxed for about /2 hour. The solvent is decanted from the polymer and vacuum dried. Yield of rubbery polymer,

The homopolymerand copolymer-polyolefins obtained by the practice of this invention may be used in any conventional manner now being used by polyolefins formed by prior art procedures. These polyolefins may be used to make molding, film, filaments, pipe, tubing, tires, inner tubes, etc., using the same equipment and techniques customary for such polyolefins.

I claim:

containing 0101- parts by weight of said aluminum halide per part by Weight of said metal.

2. The method of polymerizing to a solid polymer an alpha olefin having no less than 2 carbon atoms and no class consisting of phenyllithium, butyllithium, cyclohexyllithium, lithium aluminum te rabutyl, and Grignard reagents.

3. The method of polymerizing to a solid polymer an alpha olefin having no less than 2 carbon atoms and no more than 8 carbon atoms per molecule that comprises reacting said olefin in an inert solvent containing a catalyst comprising the aluminum chloride-metal reaction product prepared by heating under inert conditions and at a temperature in the range of from about 200 C. to about 400 C. a mixture consisting essentially of an aluminum chloride and a metal selected from the group consisting of thorium and uranium, said mixture containing 0.01400 parts by weight of said aluminum chloride per part by weight of said metal.

4. The method of polymerizing to a solid polymer an alpha olefin having no less than 2 carbon atoms and no more than 8 carbon atoms per molecule that comprises reacting said olefin in an inert solvent containing a catalyst comprising the aluminum chloride-metal reaction product prepared by heating under inert conditions and at a temperature in the range of from about 200 C. to about 400 C. a mixture consisting essentially of an aluminum chloride and a metal selected from the group consisting of thorium and uranium, said mixture containing 0.01-100 parts by weight of said aluminum chloride per part by weight of said metal.

5. The method of polymerizing to a solid polymer an alpha olefin having no less than 2 carbon atoms and no more than 8 carbon atoms per molecule that comprises reacting said olefin in an inert solvent containing a catalyst comprising the aluminum halide-metal reaction product obtained by grinding under inert conditions and at a tem perature in the range of from room temperature to about 400 C. a mixture consisting essentially of an aluminum halide and a metal selected from the group consisting of thorium and uranium said mixture containing 0.0l-l parts by weight of said aluminum halide per part by weight of said metal.

6. The method of polymerizing to a solid polymer an alpha olefin having no less than 2 carbon atoms and no more than 8 carbon atoms per molecule that comprises reacting said olefin in an inert solvent containing a catalyst comprising the aluminum chloride-metal reaction product prepared by grinding under inert conditions and at a temperature in the range of from room temperature to about 400 C. a mixture consisting essentially of an aluminum chloride and a metal selected from the group consisting of thorium and uranium, said mixture containing 0.01- 100 parts by weight of said aluminum chloride per part by weight of said metal.

7. The method of polymerizing to a solid polymer an alpha olefin having no less than 2 carbon atoms and no more than 8 carbon atoms per molecule that comprises reacting said olefin in an inert solvent containing a catalyst comprising the aluminum chloride-metal reaction product prepared by heating under inert conditions and at a temperature in the range of from about 200 C. to about 400 C. a mixture consisting essentially of an aluminum chloride and a metal selected from the group consisting of thorium and uranium, said mixture containing 0.33 part to 3 parts by weight of said aluminum chloride per part by weight of said metal, and said catalyst being complexed with a metal alkyl selected from the class consisting of phenyllithium, butyllithium, cyclohexyllithium, lithium aluminum tetrabutyl, and Grignard reagents.

8. The method of polymerizing to a solid polymer an alpha olefin having no less than 2 carbon atoms and no more than 8 carbon atoms per molecule that comprises reacting said olefin in an inert solvent containing a catalyst comprising the aluminum chloride-metal reaction product prepared by grinding under inert conditions and at a temperature in the range of from room temperature to about 400 C. a mixture consisting essentially of an aluminum chloride and a metal selected from the group consisting of thorium and uranium, said mixture containing 0.33 part to 3 parts by weight of said aluminum chloride per part by weight of said metal, and said catalyst being complexed with a metalalkyl selected from the class consisting of phenyllithium, butyllithium, cyclohexyllithium, lithium aluminum tetrabutyl, and Grignard reagents.

9. The method of polymerizing to a solid polymer an alpha monoolefin having no less than 2 carbon atoms and no more than 8 carbon atoms per molecule that comprises reacting said monoolefin in an inert solvent containing a catalyst comprising the preformed aluminum chloride-metal reaction product prepared by reacting under inert conditions and at a temperature in the range of from room temperature to about 400 C. a mixture consisting essentially of an aluminum chloride and a metal selected from the gn up consisting of thorium and uranium, said mixture containing 0.33 part to 3 parts by weight of said aluminum halide per part by weight of said metal.

10. The method of polymerizing to a solid polymer a diolefin having an alpha ethylenic group therein and having no less than 4 carbon atoms and no more than 8 carbon atoms per molecule that comprises reacting said diolefin in an inert solvent containing a catalyst comprising the preformed aluminum chloride-metal reaction product prepared by reacting under inert. conditions and at a temperature in the range of from room temperature to about 400 C. a mixture consisting essentially of an aluminum chloride and a metal selected from the group consisting of thorium and uranium, said mixture containing 0.33 part to 3 parts by Weight of said aluminum halide per part by weight of said metal.

11. The method of polymerizing ethylene to a solid polymer which comprises heating ethylene in a hydrocarbon solvent at a temperature of about room temperature to 200 C. and at a pressure of about atmospheric pressure to 2000 p.s.i., said solvent containing a catalyst comprising the aluminum chloride-metal reaction product prepared by heating and grinding a mixture consisting essentially of aluminum chloride and a metal selected from the class consisting of thorium and uranium, said mixture containing 0.33 part to 3 parts by weight of said aluminum halide per part by weight of said metal.

12. The method of polymerizing propylene to a solid polymer which comprises heating propylene in a hydrocarbon solvent at a temperature of about room temperature to 200 C. and at a pressure of about atmospheric pressure to 2000 p.s.i., said solvent containing a catalyst comprising the aluminum chloride-metal reaction product prepared by grinding at a temperature in the range of from room temperature to about 400 C. a mixture consisting essentially of aluminum chloride and a metal selected from the class consisting of thorium and uranium, said mixture containing 0.33 part to 3 parts by Weight of said aluminum halide per part by Weight of said metal.

13. The method of polymerizing isoprene to a solid polymer which comprises heating isoprene in a hydrocarbon solvent at a temperature of about room temperature to 200 C. and at a pressure of about atmospheric pressure to 2000 p.s.i., said solvent containing a catalyst comprising the aluminum chloride-metal reaction product prepared by grinding at a temperature in the range of from room temperature to about 400 C. a mixture consisting essentially of aluminum chloride and a metal selected from the class consisting of thorium and uranium, said mixture containing 0.33 part to 3 parts by weight of said aluminum halide per part by weight of said metal.

14. The method of polymerizing ethylene to a solid polymer which comprises heating ethylene in a hydrocarbon solvent at a temperature of about room temperature to 200 C. and at a pressure of about atmospheric pressure to 2000 p.s.i., said solvent containing a catalyst comprising the aluminum chloride-metal reaction product prepared by grinding at a temperature :in the range of from room temperature to about 400 C. a mixture consisting essentially of aluminum chloride and a metal selected from the class consisting of thorium and uranium, said mixture containing 0.33 part to 3 parts by weight of said carbon solvent at a temperature of about room temperature to 200 C. and at a pressure of about atmospheric pressure to 2000 p.s.i., said solvent containing a catalyst comprising the aluminum chloride-metal reaction product prepared by grinding at a temperature in the range of from roam temperature to about 400 C. a mixture consisting essentially of aluminum chloride and a metal sehalide-metal reaction product obtained by the step of reacting, in an inert medium and in the absence of olefin, a mixture of an aluminum halide and a metal selected 8 from the class consisting of thorium and uranium said mixture containing 0.01- parts by Weight of said aluminum halide per part by Weight of said metal.

18. A catalyst of claim 17 in which said inert medium comprises nitrogen.

19. A catalyst of claim 17 in which said reaction is performed in a liquid, inert hydrocarbon.

20. A polymerization catalyst of claim 17 in which unreacted aluminum halide has been separated from said aluminum halide-metal reaction product.

21. A polymerization catalyst of claim 17 in which said halide is aluminum chloride, and said mixture contains 0.333 parts by Weight of said aluminum chloride per part by weight of said metal.

22. A polymerization catalyst of claim 17 in which said metal is thorium.

23. A polymerization catalyst of claim 17 in which said metal is uranium.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,355,339 Story Aug. 8, 1944 2,827,446 BresloW Mar. 18, 1958 2,840,551 Field et a1. June 24, 1958 2,884,409 B0 et a1. Apr. 28, 1959 2,891,042 Matlack June 16, 1959 2,891,043 Matlack June 16, 1959 2,905,645 Anderson et a] Sept. 22, 1959 FOREIGN PATENTS 1,132,506 France Nov. 5, 1956 1,007,999 Germany May 9, 1957 

17. A POLYMERIZATION CATALYST COMPRISING THE ALUMINUM HALIDE-METAL REACTION PRODUCT OBTAINED BY THE STEP OF REACTING, IN AN INERT MEDIUM AND IN THE ABSENCE OF OLEFIN, A MIXTURE OF AN ALUMIUM HALIDE AND A METAL SELECTED FROM THE CLASS CONSISTING OF THORIUM AND URANIUM SAID MIXTURE CONTAINING 0.01-100 PARTS BY WEIGHT OF SAID ALUMINUM HALIDE PER PART BY WEIGHT OF SAID METAL. 